Finding the best use for degraded lands in western India Essay

This research radical takes into account assorted approaches for the use of totals and services of land in the Western Ghats situated on the west coast of India. primary of all told we bequeath discriminate how this research forget use the information that is coming ahead in rove to decide which approach should be taken into account. This needs answers and justifications that trace an alternative better then the new(prenominal)s. Whatever alternative me take upon, source thing first of all, we need to analyze and enlist twain the negative and substantiating points separately so that we argon in a better stake in order to exercise a decision on the behalf of the inherent community.Then we need to square off weather the alternative that is be implied is price efficient which means that weather the cost incurred on the implementation of the political program does generate benefit to the community at the same magnitude (Prasad, 2002). A cost benefit analysis is t o be dont in order to see weather the investment on such a programme is near or is a virtuous waste of specie be ca-ca at this situation, both the wad and the giving medication understructure non take any find regarding any such relief programme for which people lose been postponement for so long.In continuation to this approach, people of this reach are anticipating a long-term etymon to their urine shortage problem, they want their problem to be solved in the same tenure of the g bothplacenment, without any further metre lags, and in addition they want a ascendant that they flush toilet run themselves flush after the administration changes. This is because a system being in that respect and not having adequate imagerys or authentication to operate is just a mere waste of money and no use to the inhabitants of this village. (Prasad, 2002).The approach that we select by means of this research paper should be focused on more than educate cultivation by the fa rmers of this discipline so that they sess earn more revenue out of it and hence improve their standard of living. (Prasad, 2002) The force knit that has been discussed in this research paper is the eastern flank of the Western Ghats in Mahrashtara, India. This area spreads over 180000sq kilometers and is one of the 34 global biologically diversified places. With 30% of all the mammals, broadcastts, fishes and birds in the entire country, the land single comprises of 6% of the derive area of the country.This area h experienceds great significance cod to its richness in different type of medical that are used in ergonomics research methods and different medicines that we use daily. (Verne, 1999) The area is withal known to be one of the richest due to its biodiversity. Moreover this area is similarly known for having centuries old heritage, values, culture and norms that are still practiced widely among the villagers. a gradient from biodiversity, the area has some rich cu ltural and religious backgrounds which make them stand in the league of highly diverse cultures.They have different rituals norms and values which had direct to the creation of separate religious sections which in turn affects decision make at the personal level and hence on the political front. Although, different cultures have brought diversity into the area, the main point over here is to maintain them work together so the natural habitat for the endangered species can be saved and the area could be developed in order to protect the biodiversity of the area. (Bull, 2006)The social condition of the area is pathetic as the government officials are notoriously s down in the mouth in providing the basic services motleyred clean urine, schools, hospitals, banks and other recreational services. Lack of the basic amenities of behavior makes living of the topical anesthetics tough which in turn slows down(p) the sparing progress of the area. (Bonelle, 2005) Analyzing the topo graphical situation of the, the area has a rough terrain. It receives one-year rainfall of approximately 200-600mm. The rain fall has cycles which vary between two or three months and normally occur between the pointedness of June and September.Lack of piss storage facilities makes peeing system a scarce resource because all of its gets dried up in the extreme weather of may and June so there is a dire need of conservation of water supply. (Bull, 2006) The horticulture sector consists of rice as the only cash crop of this area which is cultivated in the mon presently season starting from June to September. Other crops like grains and pulses are grown after the cash crop is harvested. The fate of the growth of other crops depends on the flaw fertility of the left over soil (after being used for dinero welt).Dearth of water coerces farmers to apply expensive fertilizers to advance soil conceptive but they are unable to use them due to their exorbitant costs. In turn, the se poor farmers have to settle for low tone natural fertilizers like dead leaves, ashes and cow dung which are procured from abutting areas including other villages and topical anaestheticities. (Verne, 1999) There are three options or alternatives we have to render to improve the situation of the local inhabitants by lessening their problems and improving their new state of affairs. The alternatives are 1.A water underground line to be do in association with the sugar cane mill so cane could be grown in the area. This solution is not a unanimous one but it is suggested by the local politicians who represent the rule and federal government. In this way the cultivated sugar cane go forth earn a work forceome amount of revenue to the local state testament bring in water from far flung areas and will also serve the solicit of sugar mill. In the long term, it will describe investment for other mills to be set up in the area which would bring in prosperity in the region as it will create more jobs in the area.2. Best practices to be choose from neighboring areas such as Aloke Taluka. Copying the solutions applied to similar problems in other areas shall be beneficial as it would made the conditions of local better, both economically and financially. 3. Lastly, what we can do is just to leave the plan as it is and look for a better venture because no other solution seems to be viable for a problem of this nature. Tackling the last problem first, if no heed is paid to the current problem, it would not harm the county itself except to the cause of biodiversity conservation.These Western Ghats have inhabitants of around 400 500 households only which not even contribute to a single percent in the gross domestic help product of the country. If we just look it from a different prism, we see that there are other plentifulness of issues left to be dealt with so savings mammals and other endangered species is a honest idea but not on the expense of alread y deprived humans who are dying due to insufficient calorie intake and earn less than 1$ a day which does not satisfy their daily needs. We all are cognizant of the fact that more than half of Indias come out of the closetulation lives below the beggary line and have no nutritious food at their disposal.(Lewis, 2004) Apart from this all, doing nothing on providing water to the region, it would serve as a repulse factor for villagers to leave this place and migrate to cities where they can earn best living and can live happily. Global warming is also playacting its role as the amount of rain fall is has decr looseningd over the time and the future seems to be bleak too as there would hardly be any sufficient rainfall in days to come. (Lewis, 2004). Secondly, copying the viable and practical practices adopted by Aloke Taluka village is something worth to ponder on.The topography of both the villages is more or less the same so the experience gained in one area will certainly moment us out in making strategies on the other area. It would make us analyze and learn what their residents have done for the uplift and training of the village. (Verne, 1999) The village of Aloke Taluka has a very fascinating and captivating programme to assert water. It is something worth analyzing because it shows the desire by the inhabitants of the area to conserve water as it is a scarce resource for them.The get word was initiated with the assistance and collaboration of Windsor University of Canada and the cooperation of local government body. The main mission behind this program was to devise strategies which would family in water from every possible place (mainly in the areas where the water gets wasted), turning it into a huge reservoir (Lewis, 2004) The land on which the land takes place, had never been used before for this purpose so it remained rich and fertile which emergenceed in extra yield. Terraces were also built on the tops so to prevent water from runn ing off the slopes and to match soil wearing too.Another interesting way to conserve water was to store water from the roof sheds of the houses. In this way, water was used in kitchens and for gardening purposes. Aquifers were made in a traditional way so water could be stored in it. (Lewis, 2004)Various other contour bunds, damns and nalla bunds were built with the traditional designing and low excavations include ponds and trenches. These trenches were made at 90 degree to the slop of the hills to stop the runoff water and the rich fertile soil from the surface.Waste from farms was taken to field to make soil fertile. It mostly included cow dung and dead leaves. The elder generation of the village has also set up a committee in the area where meetings are held on the timed basis to talk about and converse things related to the farming practices. (Lewis, 2004). They retrieve that in the order they carried out their farming practices were far better than immediatelys as it yiel ded good results. These nitty gritty and tips full of wisdom can only be found in the talk with the elderly men, can not be found in books.They train and coach their sonny farmers who always get something important to learn from them related to the field of farming. To conduce an example, there is a tree which is admired, valued and honored by the local community. On snooping it further, it was found that that type of a tree always grows in those places where table is closer to the surface, so the land can be dig out to bring out water easily. This research helped a curing as it uncovered many wells and springs located in the area. The main advantage of this knowledge is that it makes researchers think for more sound and viable solutions.It makes them meditate natural fertilizers available in the area like cow dung, burnt-out leaves, ashes of left crop etc. (Lewis, 2004)The awareness of using clean water for the palm and live stocks brought many benefits for the village. Before its knowledge people were of the take hold of that they can come with good amount of yield with any kind of water, whether it is dirty or clean. Now when they were made aware of the repercussions of the dirty water, they demand clean water as crops yields more, live stock remains honorable and copious amount of milk is being produced.This also had an overall domineering effect on the hygiene of the village as they are get healthy things to eat without any toxic or unhygienic elements in it. Notion of crop rotation is also practiced over there. It was first started in 16Th century and its main purpose was to give the fields some rest in order to gain some keep and minerals so it could give better yield in the next harvest. (Jeffery, 2001). . The disadvantages associated with this solution are also there. First of all they are dealing with the kharif crops and no other cash crops are added to the carts.Also, electricity and gas supply is require for sugar mill to start operatin g and until its availability to the area the sugar mill unit can not be set up. Moreover, the water supply is not ensured as there is no permanent line in the area and it can be a big problem if rainfall cycle gets disturbed. (Jeffery, 2001) Tackling the very the first option of bringing the subway line, the local representatives who have say in both the federal and dominion government came up with the proposal of bringing in water from a British made dam located 8km from the area through a piping line in cooperation and collaboration of Sugar Mill.Seeing from the devisers point of view, taking water from the neighboring dam will give a respite to locals from importing in costly water tankers from the dam. (Jeffery, 2001) nonpareil major positive point behind the whole project is that no hill slopes modifications are required for the construction of pipe line. If we audit the positives of the project more closely we come to a conclusion that water pipe line is always imperativ e for a locality that is disadvantaged due to the insufficient supply of water for most of the year.So in this regard if direct access of water is given to the village, it will not only be used for agricultural purposes but also for the domestic use too. pee is the basic necessity of life so ease of its availability will certainly improve hygiene conditions of the locals. well-nigh of the diseases which pop due to insufficiency of water shall be wiped out due to its supply. Most of all, water will bring in development in the locality as more people will be attracted to the place which would in turn return to the social development of the area too.(Lewis, 2004). Sugar cane is a cash crop, so cultivating it will for sure help locality to raise its standards from the past. Growing sugar will also exert a pull on Sugar Mill owners to set up their plants faithful the area so they can procure the crop as soon as it is ready. This would bring in enjoyment for the villagers which woul d raise their income levels and thus will increase economic activity in the area. Extra revenues will lead to more investments in markets in the village which also include purchase of new land, making of new shops and stores etc.(Wirthman, 2001) If we see the dark side of the picture, one can harbinger that in times to come the plan does not seem to be working efficiently as it is meant to be. First of all, pipe line is not going to generate enough employment for the village which would give the locals a cushion against their financial problems. Moreover when pipe line is completed, villagers will realize that it was a momentary bonus for them as this job was not there on permanent basis. (Wirthman, 2001)Looking at the cultivation of the sugar cane itself, we find out that the farmers from that locality have a weak financial back bone. Sugar cane requires slews of high quality fertilizers and farmers can not pass it so if they use cheap fertilizers, it would produce low and subst andard quality crop which would neither be valuable for the cane grower nor to the sugar mill. Also, if we divert our help to the local government conditions we see that due to vested interests and nepotism, some groups would use their bend in the division of water from the pipe line.Apart form this maintenance of the pipe line is also a major issue. It is strongly believed that as the pipe line will be there in the hands of the government, it would not be properly maintain which would be drastic in the long term. (Wirthman, 2001) Laying down such a big pipe line is also a daunting task to undertake. Its maintenance is also one of he biggest issues to handle because if its maintenance costs overrun the economic interests of the locality, then it wont be considered as a good project to undertake.So option number one closes with its all positives and negatives. One big question which raises its ugly head is the cultivating sugar cane. Soil in this area had already lost valuable nut rients which had decreased its fecundity and with every harvest, it will continue to vex less fertile. (Wirthman, 2001) The experts have already apprised the locals not to grow cane in this area as the soil is on the brink of degradation. The reason is that sugar cane requires a lot of fertilizers along with these nutrients.After two or three harvests, the soil looses its authorization and turn into a low nutrient soil which is not good for growing next crop of sugar cane harvest, even for second crops (grains, pulses). Thus in the long run, this pipe line will be used for the domestic purposes only in stead of watering the field for growing the cash crops like sugar cane. (Wirthman, 2001) Conclusion In the readable of all the positives and negatives discussed earlier, we firmly believe that the practices started by villagers of neighboring Aloke Taluka very some(prenominal) gratify all the questions brought forward in the beginning of the research paper.The consequences of the se practices would result in great benefit for the entire village and its inhabitants (Verne, 1999). If we analyze it, we see that in the area, 20% of the houses have a direct access to the flip water from springs whereas rest of the area have an access to water from other different sources which would uplift the living standards of that locality and will make people self sufficient in financial, economical and social terms which would in term enable them to arrange their own amenities of life not being provided by government up till now.The average electrical capacity of water available to people can be raised up to 750 liters a day and can rise further too. This can only take place if 73000cubic meters of water can be stored in around 14 masonry check damns and gabions (Wirthman, 2001). A winter crop can also be grown as an alternative or second crop. This all will generate economic activity in the area which will open up new markets for the villagers adding up extra revenues in their annual income.Uplifting of standards will increase morale of people. They now have a sense that they need to keep their appearance reasonable and keeping up homes and houses is essential. People will now have surplus resources which will be used in research purposes with different cash crops such as grafting and making new ways of minting money. When people will become self sufficient at the lower levels, they would be able to afford school for their children which in the long run will be beneficial for the whole society.Many of the well- off farmers has bought some machinery for their farms in order to equip threshing and plowing of their crops and fields. (Prasad, 2002). Reference Ameen, Retrieved June 20, 2008, from Call of the hill Web state of affairs http//westernghats. blogspot. com/(2001 April). Bonelle, M (2005) Forests, Water and People in the Humid Tropics Past, prove and Future Hydrological Research for Integrated Land and Water Management (International Hydrol ogy Series) . Cambridge University Press. Bull, A (2006).Forest smorgasbord and Management (Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation). Springer. Jeffery, R (2001) Conflict and Cooperation in Participatory Natural Resource Management (Global Issues) . Palgrave Macmillan. Lewis, M (2004). Forest Diversity and Management (Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation). Ohio University Press. Prasad, R (2002).Research Perspectives in Hydraulics and Water Resources Engineering . World Scientific Publishing Company. Retrieved June 21, 2008, from The Western Ghats Web spot http//highrangephotography.com/wp/wpcontent/publications/SanctuaryAsia_Western%2 0Ghats_4_2001. pdf Simpson, Frank (1998). Retrieved June 21, 2008, from Conjunctive use of water resources in Deccan jam Web site http//www. unesco. org/most/bpik13-2. htm Verma, Deepak Thematic Report on cumulus Ecosystems. Retrieved June 21, 2008, Web site http//www. cbd. int/doc/world/in/in-nr-me-en. pdf Verne, J (1991) The impressive Journ eys Around the World in Eighty Days (Oxford Worlds Classics) . Oxford Univ Press Wirthman (2001), A Geomorphology of the Tropics. Springer.

Review on Physics of the Impossible by Michio Kaku Essay

The most new book that I assume read is Physics of the Impossible indite by Michio Kaku. It seems like the author doesnt know the meaning of the explicate impossible, or rather, to be slightly to a greater extent accurate, he has redefined the name to enable him realistically to examine and predict the future of science and technologies, from teleportation and fourth dimension expedition to robots and starships.Michio Kaku is an esteemed theoretical physicist and one of the worlds lede authorities on string theory (essentially an attempt to discover a theory of everything combining all of the known physical forces), and he alike specialises in future science, having presented several television programmes on the topic. Kaku is well determined to try to imagine what maturements qualification possibly occur in the field of science and technology over the coming years, centuries, millennia and aeons.Handily, for those of us not known with the process of speculating on the f uture of physics, hes split his impossibilities into tierce categories. material body I impossibilities are technologies which are impossible today, but foundert violate the known laws of physics. Kaku reckons that these impossibilities including things such as teleportation and psychokinesis might be possible in some condemnation within the next bracing of hundred years.Class II impossibilities such as time machines and hyperspace travel are at the very edge of our scientific understanding, and may piss millions of years to become possible. And the trickiest of all, Class III impossibilities, are technologies which break the laws of physics as we know them. Surprisingly, there are very few of these, and Kaku except examines two, perpetual motion machines and precognition (seeing into the future).This book takes a serious wait on at the science behind all the crazy futuristic ideas that have been showing up in science fiction over the years. Indeed, there are so many refer ences to Star Trek and Star Wars confounded throughout this book, that you sometimes wonder if physicists just spend all their time watching old sci-fi re-runs and trying to work out how to recreate the technologies include in them. In some sense, this is an intriguing vision of our possible development over the forthcoming millennia, but at the same time its also frustrating.after reading Kakus boundless enthusiasm for the future, what i wouldnt give for a real-life time machine to travel forrad and see just how accurate his predictions are. I enjoyed how Kaku presented his cases in terms of fresh scientific and technological developments where possible, and for the most part he was a resolve and engaging writer, able to explain some mind-boggling physics concepts in terms which are fairly easy to grasp, especially when dealing with his Class I impossibilities in the earlier chapters.As the book progresses into more and more speculative territory, he is forced to rely less on u tilize current research and development, and more on purely theoretical physics. After all that I can say that the book noticeably spread out my vocabulary and gave me some insight on just what can we lodge from the future. I will defiantly try reading some another(prenominal) books by this author in my foreseeable future.

Behavioral Perspectives

Follet, Munsterberg and Mayo argon mostly known for behavioral- science approach surmise. They are more rivet on the human and psychological factors, which are likely to affect the workers.A considerable philosophy of the guess illuminates employee relationship and motivation, information processing and governanceal development. The three are likewise considered the founders of organizational psychology and behavioral approaches in the theories of prudence.Follet is an American social worker, a pioneer in the organizational theory and organizational behavior. He is works as a management consultant. Her theory criticized the poor handling of employees and urge managers to be friendly. In doing so, they should grant them the improperness to collaborate, socialize and work in teams.Munsterberg, on the other hand, states that only workers with measuring rod mental capability and moral standards should be hired. Moreover, increased employee motivation, avocation performance, and employee keeping are very imperative. In other words, he encourages matching an employee merits with his or her job description. Elton Mayo, who started human relations movement is best known for Hawthorne studies which were conducted at the western electric company.His theory is based on the soft slipway for successful management. According to him, individuals work performance depends greatly on job satisfaction. He contributed significantly to behaviorism movement in the management field. However, Marx, Weber, and Taylor contravene such positions and call for employees liberations.For instance, Marx is against the bourgeois who utilize other heap to commence rich. They are uncomfortable with the states of affairs that use other people as instruments of making wealth. Even though Marx, weber and Taylor contrast them, Follet, Munsterberg and Mayo change the way modern employers relate to their employees.Q2Organizational structure defines how organizational activities are coo rdinated, and guiding supervisions of the allocated tasks towards the achievement of organizational goals. Major types of the organizational structure intromit functional, divisional and matrix. Functional structure refers to the grouping of the organization departments according to purposes.It is effective for beautiful organizations with flexible departments which can solely rely on the skills, talents, and knowledge of employees. divisional structure is used by large organizations which operate in contrastive geographical areas. The organization is divided into divisions which areas separately managed towards achieving the common set goals. It is useful in the sense that its desires can be met rapidly and more specifically since each division operates independently.Q3Everyone in a workplace possesses different person-to-personities. The use of disposition test immensely employs the use of the big five personality traits which includes openness, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. In a workplace, personality traits can alleviate in unveil strengths and weaknesses of the employees.Moreover, it helps in determining levels of emotional intelligence among employees, a key beam of light for effective communication. In addition to this, personality traits help in creating awareness and enhancing excellent teamwork among employees. Finally, personality traits it helps in promoting a deeper understanding of employee capabilities based on their strengths and capabilities, thus making it easier to delegate the duties.Q4 Perceptual distortions refer to the variations of a persons rejoinder to a stimulus from the common perception. Majorly, it occurs as a answer of clever biases of an individual. The major causes of perceptual distortions include but not limited to stereotyping, gang effect, pre-deposition, recency effect, pre-deposition effect, primacy effect, and prejudice.An example of perceptual distortion is that of an in dividual who is suffering from anorexia and holds a biased self-image. Such people see their bodies as overweighed and unsightly whereas others see them as the undernourished as well as underweighted.Q5 Impression management refers to a self- playation system which focuses on improving a persons image in the eyes of others. Typically, it refers to a process in which people attempt to fix the perception of others. Managers synonymously implement the use of impinge onion management to present themselves to their employees, the earthly concern and to their peers as a way of impelling the insights of their appearance.The underlying motives and base governing factors of impression management culminates in the awareness of being a potential monitoring instrument and the kind social status. Additionally, cultural norms, personal goals, and social perspectives form other impression motives and governing factors for managers. The duo reveals the assertions, which leads to a dynamic way of presentational aspects.Managers tend to impress their employees, peers and the public done the types of clothes they put on, which have specific designs and fashions. Politicians wear nice suits, carries an valuable suitcase and move inexpensive cars so as to impress the public as they woe for votes. Christianity is another strategy used by managers to impress peers and the public alleging that their ways are pure.Q6 Stress refers to a hypersensitive response of the body to any kind of emotional strain. It occurs as a result of personal conflict between the job workload or demands and the subatomic amount of time an employee has to meet these demands, hence lack of control.The common demands that whitethorn lead to melodic line in the workplace include poor organization of the work, poor work design, poor operative conditions, poor management and lack of supervisory support. Moreover, job monotony and excessive workload are also sources of taste in a workstation.The genera l responses to stress that can be experienced are majorly classified into physical, Emotional responses. fleshly stress occurs in the general body and includes irritations, aches and other diseases that may be caused by stress. Physical stress is accompanied by frequent headaches, chest problems, back pain and aching stomach.It is also characterized by insufficient slumber and high melody pressure. On the other hand, Emotional responses are experiences involving feelings and thoughts during stressful circumstances. Such responses include depression and anxiety, withdrawing socially and enough more forgetful. Anger, lack of focus and becoming more restless are other emotional responses to stress.Excessive stress is fatal and prevention measures should be put in place. In entrap to deal with stress, one should first trace the origin and know the causes of stress and develop healthy responses to curb the situation. Relaxing the mind and having sufficient sleep are important techn iques suppressing stress. Avoid being lonely, talk to other people and seek for their help.Finally, talking to the supervisor about the stressing issue can help solve the situation. This can be perfected by improving working conditions.

Review of Literature Essay

2.1IntroductionThis chapter followuped the available literatures written on this topic and in former(a) related areas in this chapter. This was made possible by the identification, collection and review of these literatures from various sources such as text books, journals, reports and the swallow upnet.2.2The Concept of ambience ambiance is typically made up of the CPU for controlling the user user interface and transaction devices, magnetic or Chip fare reader for identifying the node, flourish which is used by the guest for performing the transaction, function justtons usually approximate to the display or a Touch screen used to guide the various aspects of the transaction and a record printer which go outs the customer with a record of a transaction (Cronin and Mary, 1997). Most ATMs are connected to inter swear networks, enabling people to withdraw and deposit money from machines non belonging to the stick where they pass water their account or in the clownish where their accounts are held thus enabling cash withdrawals in local property (Max wellspring, 1990). They are often identified by signs above them indicating the name of the bank owning them.2.2.1Evolution of ATMATM is tell to have evolved from early cash dispenser and is said to have first been introduced in the early 1970s. The dispensers were operated by a particular inform of a punch card. This enables a customer to withdraw as sachets of suitable values of bank notes. These sachets processes and thus return the card to the customers. round other source has it that ATM invention was started around 1967, and that it was first installed in Endfield town, on the London Borough of Endfield by Barclays Bank. Thomas (1996). This is said to have been accredited to legerdemain Shepherded Baron, although George Simon registered patent in New York and Don Wetzel and two other Engineers from Docatel accompany also registered patent in June/ April 1973. Brendan (1996). This in t he second generation was better to the extent that made it possible to count proved money.2.2.2Operation of ATMATMs typically connect directly to their ATM Controller via either a dial-up modem all over a telephone line or directly via a lease line. Leased lines are preferable because they require less time to bring a connection. Musiime and Biyaki, (2010). It is observed that, most modern ATMs, the customer is identified by inserting a plastic ATM card with a magnetic streak or a plastic smartcard with a chip that contains a erratic card spell. Security is provided by the customer entering a ad hominem identification number (PIN). For one to access ATM service, he/ she (the card adhesive frictioner) has to insert the card (magnetic strip card) into the machine (ATM), which then reads the strip and makes jot with the important computer to confirm the genuity of the card which is either accepted spurned depending on whether it is valid or not. When accepted, the customer t hen punches his/ her PIN number which is then verified according to its compatibility with the information stored in the card. After which it then perform the service requested of like (issuing cash, accepting cash/ stay deposit, balance enquiry, mini- polariatement) etc, and finally ejects the card.2.3 hard-hittingness of ATMWithout customs duty of technology the banking sector outhousenot provide customers with effective services (Patricio et al., 2003). in effect(p) service delivery is a rising or significantly better service concept that is taken into make out (Drake, 2001). guest expectations concerning service encounter experiences and service delivery mechanisms as well as the entire concept of what constitutes property service are then key issues that need to be considered prior to the implementation of any geomorphological change. Patricio et al. (2003). Effective service delivery is a service product or service process that is based on some technology or systema tic method. It can be a new customer interaction transmission channel, a distri entirelyion system or a technological concept or a combination of them. (Kelley et al. 1990). Kumbhar (2011). Observed that effectiveness of service prep have a significant relationship with overall customer cheer. Effective service delivery is positively related to customer satisfaction in that, when a customer perceives that the delivery mode of the transactions that the bank is sibylline to offer is quite good, the more the customers will be satisfied with the bank services.The Concept of Customer SatisfactionCacioppo (2000) defines Customer satisfaction as the state of mind that customers have active a company when their expectations have been met or exceeded over the lifetime of the product or service as quoted by MALCOLM (2008). Increased customer expectations have created a competitive climate whereby the quality of the relationship between the customer and bank has taken on a greater signif icance in some cases than the product itself. (Musiime and Biyaki, 2010). Krishnan et al (1999). pinnacle out that, the banking industry strives to succeed by putting the topic of rapid and changing customers needs to their agenda.This can be achieved through good customer care and offering attractive services or products that other competitors whitethorn not offer. Therefore, customer satisfaction is seen as a key motion indicator within business. The concept of customer satisfaction occupies a central position in marketing and practice (Cardozo, 1965). Customer satisfaction is a persons feelings of pleasure or disappointment resulting from comparing a products perceived performance or outcome in relation to his or her expectations. (Musiime and Biyaki, 2010). In summary, Customer Satisfaction is the actual merging of customers expectation after he or she has realised consuming a product or service.2.4.1 Who is a CustomerA customer is the most important visitor on our premises . He is not dependent on us. He is not an interruption to our work. He is the point for it. He is not an outsider on our business rather he is part of it, we are not doing him favor by serving him rather he is doing us favor by giving us an opportunity to do so. Wasswa, (2003). Pg 35. He further described a customer as one that enables the presidency exists. They are the purpose of our business. In my own view, I believe that, customers are the heart, the life and the soul of our businesses, without whom we cant hold even for a second to exist in business. Hence they should be accorded utmost respect and care when rendering service to them.2.4.2Importance of Customer satisfactionKhirallah (2005) defines customer satisfaction as a customers acquaintance that his or her needs, wishes, expectations, or desires with regard to products and service have been fulfilled. Consumer satisfaction in short can therefore be defined as an appraising(prenominal) process that contrasts pre-purc hase expectations with the actual perceptions of performance during and after consumption experience. In summary, Customer Satisfaction is the meeting or even exceeding of a customers expectation after the use product. The outcomes of satisfying a customer are- Customer loyalty- LOYAL customers are those who have the enthusiasm about the brands or products they use. The more enthusiastic a customer is, the higher the pull ahead contributed to the brand. (MALCOLM 2008). Musiime and Biyaki,(2010). Loyalty is a combination of intentional repurchase behavior and psychological attachments of a customer to a particular service provider. The fundamental supposition of all the loyalty models is that keeping existing customers is less expensive than getting new ones.In summary, Loyalty is customers demonstration of faithful adherence to an institution despite the occasional errors. thence satisfying a customer is very paramount to organizations existence. Customer retention- Customer Re tention is the magnate to hold on to customers over time. Joseph and Stone (2003). Customer retention is the bodily function that the selling organization undertakes to reduce customer account defections. It can also be described as a series of actions that the selling organization undertakes to reduce defections. Musiime and Biyaki, (2010). Ganesh et al., (2000)., observed that, long-term, customers become less costly to serve collectable to the banks greater knowledge of the existing customer and to devolve serving costs. They also tend to be less sensitive to comparative marketing activities (Czepiel, 1990).Loosing customers not only leads to opportunity costs because the reduced sales, but also to an increased need for attracting new customers which is five to six measure more expensive than customer retention (Joseph and Stone, 2003). 2.4.3The relationship between ATM use and Customer satisfaction Earlier research by Brownlie (1989) has recommended that some consumers hav e positive attitudes towards ATMs based on dominant perceptions of convenience/ approachability/ease of use. As observed by Malcolm (2008). On the other hand, Reichheld and Sasser (1990) have recognized the benefits that customer satisfaction delivers to a bank. For instance, the longer a customer stays with a bank the more utility the customer generates. This is a result of a number of factors relating to the time the customer spends with a bank.Without usage of technology the banking sector cannot provide customers with a satisfactory service (Patricio et al., 2003). Effective service delivery is a new or significantly purifyd service concept that is taken into practice. Musiime and Biyaki,(2010). According to, Patricio et al. (2003) customers will use different service delivery systems dependent on their assessment of each channel and how it contributes to the overall service offering. Hence service satisfaction will not merely be based on isolated service encounters and experie nces but rather on the overall feelings of satisfaction. With automated teller machines networks already in place in most of the urban areas, the drive is now pore towards the rural areas where the use of automated teller machines is still uncommon. Musiime and Biyaki,(2010).2.5ConclusionFrom the review of literature, it can be observed that the operation and use of ATM services in the financial sector, has contributed a lot in changing the way in which financial services and products are being delivered to the banks clients. As the say goes that, for every(prenominal) step forward (development), a lot of challenges must have been faced, fought and overcome. Thus the development of ATM saw the emergency of some challenges for the industry as customers keep demanding for better service, while the financial institutions are very in use(p) searching for the most efficient way by which they can improve on their service provision.

A Persuasive Essay About the Influence Television Has on Children

Obesity is a growing problem, and it is time for p arnts to step up to the plate and name province for child fleshiness. Daniel Weintraub uses an emotional conjure up, the article The appointment Against Fast Food begins in the Home, to mandate parents to take responsibility to protect their children against obesity. He states that even though the fast-food companies and the government contribute and enamor childhood obesity, ultimately it is the parents responsibility for obesity in their children.He provides several substantially points showing how parents are the nonpareils to take the blame for the increasing problem. I conceptualize that parents are indeed responsible for(p) for child obesity. Weintraub makes several good points on how parents should take responsibility and avoid obesity in their children. He does this by commanding parents to teach their children good habits, especially good, wellnessy have and sour habits. Also, he states that parents should protec t children against bad things.In this case, fast-food is considered a bad thing since it does non only make children obese but causes a variety of medical conditions as well, so parents inquire to step up and protect their children against fast-food. Lastly, he debates that parents need to take responsibility since they are in the best flummox to educate their children. According to Daniel Wientraub, It is parents non the government, not the fast-food companies, not the video-game manufacturesare in the best position to fight the epidemic of overweight children. As you shtup see Weintraub believes that there is no one to blame for childhood obesity but the parents. Weintraub makes several good points, which induces parents to take responsibility and action for the matter. withal though Weintraub makes a good argument, he has a few clean points, because his opinions are too simple when there is more to it than what he presents. For example, Weintraub does not provide any sort of statistics, facts, or references. Also, you could argue that teachers, not parents, are in the best position to teach their children since they are well meliorate in the field of health and nutrition.After all, teachers are required to teach health class in school. Lastly, the whole article is just an emotional appeal in which Weintraub goes to the extremes and exaggerates. Weintraub says, We have laws against leaving a loaded weapon where their children croupe find it and use it to hurt themselves or others. But no one seems to want to tell parents that they need to protect their children from unhealthy foods and from sloth. Clearly, he exaggerates because it is about absurd to compare the dangers of a firearm to the dangers of a french-fry.Overall, I sum with Weintraub and believe that parents are the ones responsible for childhood obesity. First of all, parents poor eating habits have a great influence in child obesity. Parents need to educate themselves in the nutrition field, to be able to offer a good, healthy diet and correct portion sizes to their children. Secondly, the lack of discipline by parents also contributes to obesity in their children. Parents are easily manipulated by their children, and as a result children get what they want.Parents need to make their children get several(prenominal) sort of exercise as well. Lastly, parents economic issues might lead them to bribe fast-food, but fast-food is not as cheap as it seems. When you add up all the numbers it is inevitable to notice that the difference between fast-food and domicil cooked meals is minimum. According to a Yale survey, seventy percent of the cause to the rise in childhood obesity rests with the parents. As you arsehole see, statistics have shown that parents are the responsible ones for obesity in children.Evidently obesity among children is a huge, dangerous problem, which parents need to take action of and help their children. It is a must for parents to teach their children about puritanical eating habits. Disciple also influences a childs obesity and parents need to get a bit strict with their children. Lastly, economic issues should not lead parents to buy fast-food because it is not that cheap and very unhealthy. I believe it is time to stop blaming others. Parents need to get well educated, so they can provide good eating habits and decrease the growing problem of obesity in children.

The Host Chapter 44: Healed

WandaWe dont study time. Id do it myself, still I corporationt get the angle adept. Theres no other way.I dont think I can do it.For Jamie, steady? I pushed the vertical side of my face as hard as I could against the headrest of the clog upenger seat and closed my eyes.Jared was holding the maladroit fist-sized st maven Id put up. Hed been weighing it in his hand for five minutes.You just down to get the beginning(a) few layers of skin glum. sightly hide the s elevator car, thats all(a). Cmon, Jared, we confine to hurry. JamieTell him I tell to do it now. And make it a good mavin.Mel secernates do it now. And make sure you do it hard enough. Get it all the first time.Silence.Do it, JaredHe overlyk a robust breath, a gasp. I felt the bank line move and squeezed my eyes tighter.It made a squishing fail and a thud-that was the first thing I noticed-and then(prenominal) the shock of the splash wore off, and I felt it, in any case.Ungh, I groaned. I hadnt meant to make any sound. I knew that would make it worse for him. But so much was involuntary with this consistency. weeping sprang up in my eyes, and I coughed to hide a sob. My head rang, vibrated in aftershock.Wanda? Mel? Im sorryHis subdivisions wrapped almost us, pulled us into his chest.S okay, I whimpered. Were okay. Did you get it all?His hand touched my chin, turned my head.Ahh, he gasped, sickened. I took half your face off. Im so sorry.No, thats good. Thats good. Lets go.Right. His voice was still weak, plainly he leaned me rear end into my seat, settling me conservatively, and then the car rumbled beneath us.Ice-cold personal line of credit blew in my face, shocking me, stinging my raw cheek. Id forgotten what air-conditioning felt manage.I opened my eyes. We were driving down a smooth wash-smoother than it should have been, carefully altered to be this way. It snaked by from us, coiling around the brush. I couldnt render very far ahead.I pulled the visor down and fli pped open the mirror. In the shadowy moonlight, my face was black and sporting. Black all across the function side, oozing down my chin, dripping across my neck, and seeping into the collar of my new, make clean shirt.My stomach heaved.Good job, I whispered.How much annoying are you in? non much, I lied. Anyway, it wont hurt much longer. How far are we from Tucson?Just then, we reached pavement. Funny how the sight of it made my heart race in panic. Jared stopped, tutelage the car hidden in the brush. He got come to the fore and removed the tarps and arrange from the bumper, putting them in the trunk. He got blanket in and eased the car forward, checking carefully to make sure the highway was empty. He reached for the headlights.Wait, I whispered. I couldnt speak louder. I felt so exposed here. Let me drive.He tinted at me.It cant determine like I walked to the hospital like this. to a fault many questions. I have to drive. You hide in the back and bear witness me where to go. Is there nearthing you can hide under?Okay, he verbalise slowly. He put the car into reverse and pulled it back into the deeper brush. Okay. Ill hide. But if you take us somewhere I dont tell you to goOh Melanie was stung by his doubt, as was I.My voice was flat. Shoot me.He didnt answer. He got push through, leaving the engine running. I slid across the cup holders into his seat. I heard the trunk slam.Jared climbed into the backseat, a compendious plaid back under his arm.Turn right at the road, he said.The car was an automatic, but it had been a long time and I was timid behind the wheel. I moved ahead carefully, pleased to find that I remembered how to drive. The highway was still empty. I pulled turn up onto the road, my heart reacting to the open stead again.Lights, Jared said. His voice came from low on the bench.I searched till I found the switch, then flicked them on. They seemed horribly silken.We werent far from Tucson -I could see a yellowish reflect of color against the sky. The lights of the city ahead.You could drive a little dissipateder.Im right at the limit, I protested.He paused for a second. Souls dont speed?I laughed. The sound was unaccompanied a tad hysterical. We obey all laws, traffic laws included.The lights became more(prenominal) than a glow-they turned into individual points of brightness. Green signs informed me of my exit options. Take Ina Road.I followed his instructions. He kept his voice low, though, enclosed as we were, we could both have shouted.It was hard to be in this unfamiliar city. To see houses and apartments and stores with signs lit up. To chicane I was surrounded, outnumbered. I imagined what it essential quality like for Jared. His voice was unco calm. But hed through this onward, many times.Other cars were on the road now. When their lights serve my windshield, I cringed in terror.Dont fall apart now, Wanda. You have to be laborious for Jamie. This wont work if you cant do that.I can. I can do it.I concentrated on Jamie, and my hands were steadier on the wheel.Jared directed me through the broadly speaking sleeping city. The Healing facility was just a downhearted place. It must have been a medical building once-doctors offices, rather than an actual hospital. The lights were bright through most of the windows, through the glass front. I could see a woman behind a greeting desk. She didnt look up at my headlights. I drove to the rancidest corner of the parking lot.I slid my build up through the straps of the backpack. It wasnt new, but it was in good shape. Perfect. There was just i more thing to do.Quick, result me the tongue.Wanda I know you fuck Jamie, but I really dont think you could use it. Youre not a fighter.Not for them, Jared. I need a wound.He gasped. You have a wound. Thats enoughI need sensation like Jamies. I dont know enough intimately Healing. I have to see exactly what to do. I would have done it onward, but I wasnt sure Id be able to drive.No. Not again.Give it to me now. Someone will notice if I dont go interior soon.Jared thought it through quickly. He was the best, as Jeb had said, because he could see what had to be done and do it fast. I heard the steely sound of the knife coming out of the sheath.Be very careful. Not too deep.You wish to do it?He inhaled sharply. No.Okay.I took the ugly knife. It had a gruelling handle and was very sharp it came to a tapered point at the tip.I didnt let myself think about it. I didnt want to give myself a chance to be a coward. The arm, not the leg-thats all I paused to decide. My knees were scarred. I didnt want to have to hide that, too.I held my remaining arm out my hand was shaking. I braced it against the door and then distorted my head so that I could bite down on the headrest. I held the knifes handle awkwardly but tightly in my right hand. I pressed the point against the skin of my build up so I wouldnt miss. therefore I closed my eyes.Jared was breathing t oo hard. I had to be fast or he would stop me.Just pretend its a turn over opening the ground, I told myself.I jammed the knife into my arm.The headrest thudding my scream, but it was still too loud. The knife fell from my hand-jerking sickeningly out from the muscle-and then clunked against the floor.Wanda Jared rasped.I couldnt answer yet. I tried to choke back the other screams I felt coming. Id been right not to do this before driving.Let me seeStay there, I gasped. Dont move.I heard the blanket rustling behind me despite my warning. I pulled my left arm against my body and yanked the door open with my right hand. Jareds hand brushed my back as I half fell out the door. It wasnt a restraint. It was comfort.Ill be right back, I coughed out, and then I kicked the door shut behind me.I stumbled across the lot, fighting nausea and panic. They seemed to balance each other out-one belongings the other from taking control of my body. The pain wasnt too bad-or rather, I couldnt feel i t as much anymore. I was going into shock. Too many kinds of pain, too close together. Hot liquid rolled down my fingers and dripped to the pavement. I wondered if I could move those fingers. I was afraid to try.The woman behind the answer desk-middle-aged, with dark chocolate skin and a few silver threads in her black hair-jumped to her feet when I lurched through the automatic doors.Oh, no Oh, skinny She grabbed a microphone, and her next words echoed from the ceiling, magnified. healer Knits I need you in reception This is an emergencyNo. I tried to speak calmly, but I swayed in place. Im okay. Just an accident.She put the microphone down and hurried around to where I stood swaying. Her arm went around my waist.Oh, honey, what happened to you?So careless, I muttered. I was hiking I fell down the rocks. I was cleaning up after dinner. A knife was in my handMy hesitations seemed like part of the shock to her. She didnt look at me with suspicion-or humor, the way Ian sometimes di d when I lied. Only concern.You poor dear Whats your label?Glass Spires, I told her, using the rather generic name of a herd member from my time with the Bears.Okay, Glass Spires. Here comes the Healer. Youll be fine in just a moment.I didnt feel panicked at all anymore. The kindly woman patted my back. So gentle, so caring. She would never harm me.The Healer was a young woman. Her hair, skin, and eyes were all a similar shade of light brown. It made her unusual looking-monochromatic. She wore tan nightdress that only added to that impression.Wow, she said. Im Healer Knits push aside. Ill get you fixed up directly. What happened?I told my allegory again as the two women led me down a anteroom and then through the very first door. They had me lie down on the paper-covered bed.The room was familiar. Id been in only one place like this, but Melanies childhood was full of such memories. The short row of double footlockers, the egest where the Healer was washing her hands, the br ight, clean w ten-strikee wallsFirst things first, Knits Fire said cheerfully. She pulled a cabinet open. I tried to focus my eyes, knowing this was important. The cabinet was full of rows and rows of stacked white cylinders. She took one down, reaching for it without searching she knew what she cherished. The thin container had a label, but I couldnt read it. A little no pain should help, dont you think?I saw the label again as she twisted the lid off. Two short words. No Pain? Was that what it said?Open your mouth, Glass Spires.I obeyed. She took a small, thin square-it looked like interweave paper-and laid it on my tongue. It dissolved at once. There was no flavor. I swallowed automatically.Better? the Healer asked.And it was. Already. My my head was lick-I could concentrate without difficulty. The pain had melted away with the tiny square. Disappeared. I blinked, shocked.Yes.I know you feel fine now, but please dont move. Your injuries are not treated yet.Of course.Cerulean, could you get us some urine? Her mouth seems dry.At once, Healer Knits.The older woman left the room.The Healer turned back to her cabinets, opening a different one this time. This, too, was filled with white containers. Here we are. She pulled one from the top of a stack, then took another from the other side.Almost as if she were trying to help me set up my mission, she listed the names as she reached for them.Clean-inside and out Heal Seal And where is ah, Smooth. Dont want a scar on that pretty face, do we?Ah no.Dont worry. Youll be utter(a) again. give thanks you.Youre very welcome.She leaned over me with another white cylinder. The top of this one came off with a pop, and there was an aerosol spray nozzle underneath. She sprayed my forearm first, coating the wound with clear, odorless mist.Healing must be a fulfilling profession. My voice sounded just right. Interested, but not unduly so. I havent been in a Healing facility since insertion. This is very interesting.Yes, I like it. She started crop-dusting my face.What are you doing now?She smiled. I guessed that I was not the first rummy soul. This is Clean. It will make sure nothing foreign stays in the wound. It kills off any of the microbes that might infect the wound.Clean, I repeated to myself.And the internal Clean, just in case anything has snuck into your system. Inhale this, please.She had a different white cylinder in her hand, a thinner bottle with a inwardness rather than an aerosol top. She puffed a cloud of mist into the air above my face. I sucked in a breath. The mist tasted like mint.And this is Heal, Knits Fire continued, twisting the cap off the next canister, revealing a small pouring spout. It encourages your tissues to rejoin, to grow the way they should.She dribbled a tiny bit of the clear liquid into the wide cut on my arm, then she pushed the edges of the wound together. I could feel her touch, but there was no pain.Ill seal this up before I move on. She opened another co ntainer, this one a ductile tube, and then squeezed out a line of thick, clear jelly onto her finger. kindred glue, she told me. It holds everything together and lets the Heal do its job. She wiped it over my arm in one swift pass. Okay, you can move that now. Your arm is fine.I held it up to look. A faint pink line was visible under the shiny gel. The stock certificate was still wet on my arm, but there was no address anymore. As I watched, the Healer cleaned my skin with one quick pass of a damp towel.Turn your face this way, please. Hmm, you must have hit those rocks just exactly wrong. What a mess.Yes. It was a bad fall.Well, thank honor you were able to drive yourself here.She was lightly dripping Heal onto my cheek, smearing it with the tips of her fingers. Ah, I love to watch it work. Looks much better already. Okay around the edges. She smiled to herself. by chance one more coat. I want this to be erased. She worked for a minute longer. in truth nice.Heres some water, the older woman said as she came through the door.Thank you, Cerulean.Let me know if you need anything more. Ill be up front.Thanks.Cerulean left. I wondered if she was from the Flower Planet. Blue flowers were rare-one might take a name from that.You can sit now. How do you feel?I pulled myself up. Perfect. It was true. I hadnt felt so healthy in a long time. The sharp shift from pain to ease made the sensation more powerful.Thats just how it should be. Okay, lets dust on a little Smooth.She twisted the last cylinders top and shook an opalescent powder into her hand. She patted it into my cheek, then patted another handful onto my arm.Youll always have a small line on your arm, she said apologetically. Like your neck. A deep wound She shrugged. Absentmindedly, she brushed the hair back from my neck and examined the scar. This was nicely done. Who was your Healer?Um Faces Sunward, I said, pulling the name from one of my old students. I was in Eureka, Montana. I didnt like the cold. I moved south.So many lies. I felt a twist of anxiety in my stomach.I started out in Maine, she said, not noticing anything amiss in my voice. As she spoke, she cleaned the blood from my neck. It was too cold for me, too. Whats your Calling?Um I serve food. In a Mexican restaurant in Phoenix. I like spicy food.Me, too. She wasnt looking at me funny. She was wiping my cheek now.Very nice. No worries, Glass Spires. Your face looks great.Thank you, Healer.Of course. Would you like some water?Yes, please. I kept a grip on myself. It wouldnt do to bolt the glass down the way I wanted to. I wasnt able to stop myself from finishing it all, though. It tasted too good.Would you like more?I yes, that would be nice. Thank you.Ill be right back.The second she was out the door, I slid off the mattress. The paper crackled, freezing me in place. She didnt dart back in. I had only seconds. It had taken Cerulean a few minutes to get the water. Maybe it would take the Healer just as long. Maybe the cool, pure water was far away from this room. Maybe.I ripped the pack off my shoulders and wrenched the drawstrings open. I started with the second cabinet. There was the stacked column of Heal. I grabbed the unanimous column and let it clatter quietly into the bottom of my pack.What would I say if she caught me? What lie could I tell?I took the two kinds of Clean next, from the first cabinet. There was a second stack behind the first of each, and I took half of those, too. Then the No Pain, both stacks of that. I was about to turn back for the Seal, when the label of the next row of cylinders caught my attention.Cool. For fevers? There were no instructions, just the label. I took the stack. Nothing here would hurt a forgiving body. I was sure of that.I grabbed all the Seal and two cans of Smooth. I couldnt press my luck any further. I closed the cabinets quietly and threw my arms through the straps of the pack. I leaned against the mattress, making another crackle. I tried to loo k relaxed.She didnt come back.I checked the clock. It had been one minute. How far away was the water?Two minutes.Three minutes.Had my lies been as obvious to her as they were to me?Sweat started to dew up on my forehead. I wiped it away quickly.What if she brought back a Seeker?I thought of the small pill in my pocket, and my hands shook. I could do it, though. For Jamie.I heard quiet footsteps then, two sets, coming down the hall.

The Eighth Amendment

The eighth amendment is defined as unreasonable free shall non be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and grotesque penalisations inflicted (Lectlaw, 2010). This amendment was adopted as deduct of the B gouty of Rights in 1791. The eighth amendment serves the purpose of protection of those who are innocent until proven guilty and to ensure that all persons are treated passably in the criminal justice system. Defendants who are non released on bond paper are being denied the opportunity to prepare their defense.Also, denying bail or having excessive bail imprisons the defendant without being properly convicted. There are cases, however, where bail must be denied or set excessively high. If an unconvicted defendant is feared to be a danger to the community or a flight risk, the institution permits the denial of bail (FindLaw, 2010). The no excessive fines clause of the eighth amendment presides fines at one period imposed by, and payable to the g everywherenme nt and in civil forfeiture cases (Onecle, 2009). The circumstance excessive still has not been defined by the linked States flirt system.Asset forfeiture, however, has become a key element in the state of war on drugs as the government has the power to seize property of persons that go not yet been convicted of a crime (Hornberger, 2005). The law there shall not be cruel and unusual punishment low the eighth amendment factor that society will deem what is cruel and unusual. The standards of society transform over time as citizens do better when they know better. Medevil practices such as cutting off the hand of a theif are obviously unacceptable forms of punishment in todays modern society. piece of music the death penalty is used in close to states for those who commit the virtually heinous of crimes, not all states impose such a grueling sentence. The first known execution within the United States occurred in the course of study 1607 in Jamestown. Captain George Kenda ll was shot to death by a kindling squad for allegedly spying against the British (Justice, 2009). Since then, there has been a effort among society and lawmakers attempting to decide if the death penalty falls under unusual and cruel punishment. In the late 1960s, all but 10 states had laws authorizing metropolis punishment (Justice, 2009).During Furman v. gallium in 1972, the U. S. Supreme Court decided against nifty punishment on national and state levels. The majority ruled in a five to four vote that the death penalty go against the rights of the eighth amendment (Justice, 2009). Over 600 inmates sitting on death row had their sentences upset(a) between the years 1967 and 1972. This suspension of the death penalty continued until 1976. During the Gregg v. Georgia case in 1976, the court decided to uphold a social function in which the trial of capital crimes was bifurcated into guilt-innocence and sentencing phases (Wikipedia, 2010).These proceedings entailed a instru ment panel to first decide if a defendant is guilty. Based upon that decision, then a jury decides whether any aggravating and mitigating factors in assessing the ultimate penalty lifetime in prison or capital punishment (Wikipedia, 2010). In 2002, the United States Supreme Court decided that the execution of criminals who are mentally ill to be cruel and unusual punishment. Also, in 2005, it was decided that the execution of criminals under the age of 18 to be cruel and unusual as well.As of the year 2008,the death penalty is authorized by 37 states, the federal government and the U. S. Military (Clarkprosecutor, 2008). Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Minnesota, North Dakota, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin and Rhode Island do not support capital punishment (Clarkprosecutor, 2008). If the past has any influence on the future, the laws governing the death penalty will probably change time and time again. Society must do the best they can with the friendship they acquire.Who is to say that the death penalty will be abolished forever or that possibly the death penalty might become usual punishment for crimes less than heinous? The future, in regards to the death penalty, may hold some surprises for us. Only the future will reveal what is to come. ClarkProsecutor. Org, 2008. The death penalty. Retrieved on January 31, 2010 from http//www. clarkprosecutor. org/hypertext markup language/death/dpusa. htm FindLaw (2010). The eighth amendment. Retrieved on January 30, 2010 from http//www. findlaw. com/ Hornberger, Jacob. G. The bill of rights (2005).Retrieved on January 30, 2010 from http//www. fff. org/freedom/fd0503a. asp Justice (2009). History of the Death Penalty. Retrieved on January 30, 2010 from http//justice. uaa. alaska. edu/death/history. html LectLaw (2010). The eighth amendment. Retrieved on January 30, 2010 from http//www. lectlaw. com/def/e082. htm Onecle (2009). Excessive Fines. Retrieved onJanuary 30, 2009 from h ttp//law. onecle. com/constitution/amendment-08/02-excessive-fines. html Wikipedia (2010). The eighth amendment. Retrieved on January 30, 2010 from http//www. wikipedia. org

Narrator in Mark Twain’s “Huckleberry Finn” Essay

see to it Twain chose huck Finn to be the narrator to make the explanation more(prenominal) realistic and so that Mark Twain could get the lector to examine their own attitudes and beliefs by comparing themselves to huck, a simple unlearned de nonation.Twain was limited in expressing his thoughts by the fact that huckaback Finn is a living, breathing person who is revealing the story. Since the hold in is written in front person, Twain had to put himself in the place of a thirteen-year-old son of the town drunkard. He had to see life as huckaback did and had to create a character that could see life as Mark Twain power saw it. Huck is more than Twains mouthpiece because he is a living character and is capable of shaping the story.The language that Huck uses shows what he sees and how he will pass it on to us. Something else that is app arnt is that the humor of the book often depends on Hucks language. In chapter fourteen, Huck is telling Jim about royalty in general whi ch is an example of humor by language and incomplete education although sometimes he is non that distant from the truth.They royalty dont do nothing Why, how you talk They just scar or so.No is dat so?Of course it is. They just set a actexcept, maybe, when theres a war then they go to war. scarce other times they just lazy around or go hawkingjust hawkingwhen things is dull, they fuss with the parlyment and if everybody dont go just so he whacks their heads off. But mostly they hang round the harem.However, by using Hucks language Twain creates character and establishes realism. Huck is capable of making Twain economise something merely because it is not the kind of thing Huck would say or do, and he set up force Twain to leave something out because Huck would not do or say that kind of thing.Huck is essentially good-hearted, scarce he is looked down upon by the rest of the village. He dislikes civilized styles because they are too restrictive andhard. He is generally igno rant of reading and writing, but he has a sharply developed sensibility. He is imaginative and clever, and has a good eye for detail, though he does not always find out everything he sees, or its significance. This enables Twain to make great use of irony. Huck is basically a realist. He knows only what he sees and experiences. He does not have a great deal of faith in things he reads or hears. He must experiment to find out what is authentic and what is not. With this kind of personality, Huck is able to believe Jims superstition at some times and to distrust others.He also see Huck as he is, the opposite of turkey cock Sawyer. He is as verbalize before, a realist, and generally a regular person except when he goes off on Toms adventures or when he follows Toms lead. He is not sivilizable. The end of the book makes this clear. He is where he was in the beginning he left the leave behinds house, and he will leave Aunt Sallys. Something in society and refining appalls Huck.Huck learns from Jim, who is in some ways his substitute father. He does not believe in Jims superstition until the superstition proves itself true. He mocks the snakeskin until the snakeskin does its work. Huck rises to Jims level by accepting Jims superstitions. Huck enters Jims primitive world which, though crude, is more honest and real than sink Watsons world. He cannot go beyond this world. He wont pray because he has not had any benefits from prayer.Huck is involved in adventures and is continually bothered by his conscience. All during the trip down river, he tries to answer the question whether hes doingright by the Widows sister and by Jim, or not. The obsession with justicehas him confused. whatsoever he chooses to do, hes wrong. Hes wronging Jim if he returns him to slaveholding hes wronging Miss Watson if he helps Jim escape. Huck has no way of knowing what is right. He must follow his feelings and the only thing he can do is to learn by experience. And he does.Using Huck Finn as the narrator of the book allowed Mark Twain to add more life, excitement, and realism in his writings. We can only think how good Mark Twain was at languages by how he writes. Twain created Huck, but before long Huck had his own personality and life and Mark Twain had to write with this character.

Comic Strip Lesson Plan Essay

In this lesson the students whollyow for discuss memories in front of the stratum that they enjoy remembering along with their speech they will present their definition of the retrospect through artifice. It will also help with their public public addressing skills.Objectives* I want the students to learn how to give a short intromission in front of the kinfolkroom.Materials and Technologies (Teacher and student) Teacher notes for lessons. Students will need idiotic peeler rag weeks, color pencils, crayons, and markers.Preparation of the room I will put the compulsory singular break up paper on each students desk. If the students meet whatever of their own crayon, color pencils, or markers they will confirm them on their desk. altogether of the septroom crayon, color pencils, or markers on a small get across in front center of the classroom, along with extra derisory strip paper.Artist (s) Roy Lichtenstein comic strip type art Maya Lin demonstration of long me mories in art work.Artmaking medium color pencils, crayons, and markers. (Not all must be used on project if not desired by student.) control (Activities and Procedures) Be very specificOpening Today we will be discussing memories that ar special to each of us. We will also be presenting our memories to the class through a short speech, and a comic strip drawing. circumspection Grabber (Anticipatory set) For an attention grabber I as the teacher would present my own comic strip, and present a fond memory of my own. This memory would be angiotensin-converting enzyme that is possibly embarrassing or funny so I could badger the class up about presenting their own memories.Tap into prior companionship I can ask if any of them have ever had to speak in front of a crowd. How did they feel? Did they enjoy? Or if they didnt, wherefore?Introduction of artist For Roy Lichtenstein I will tell about his resolve in Pop Art. I will show them Masterpiece It shows how the comic strips were d rawn, and they should resemble there own. I will also show Maya Lin, and her Vietnam Memorial. This shows how the memory of someone or an event is not forgotten if there is art to remember it with.Art making activity The student will have a 4-6 panels strips of paper. On the strip they will draw there anamnesis of a particular memory. They will do this with color pencils, crayons, and markers. If less or more panels are needed the adductions will be made. Closure We will end the lesson with each student presenting their comic with a short presentation.interdisciplinary concernions This lesson will connect with writing/spelling, because the student will have to have some dialogue/description on the comic. It will also connect with reading, because they will have to read the comic in front of the class as part of their presentation.Accommodating individual differences To meet the needs of all students, I will make sure that all needed materials are readily available and easily asses sable.Feedback How and what manner will you provide feedback to students. I will give feedback on a comment sheet. On this sheet I will give marks for the students spelling on comic strip, the presentation, and on the drawing themselves.

Eyewitness Testimony as a Source of Reliable Evidence

Eye fancy deposition as a source of reliable demo In similitude to cognitive psychology, is im progress affirmation reliable in directlys judicial governance? Word Count 3944 ABSTRACT Is rule proof a reliable source of shew in straight offs judicial system? more than than jurors tend to pay fast anxiety to eyewitness deposition assuming that what they hear is simply as it happened. They burn the psychology behind commemorateing an exit. Our brain is a complex grammatical take a crapion and it is sticky to absorb every stimulus in our surrounding.We pay p severallyy attention to close to aspects of a emplacement while whole ignoring separates. It is wise for expert psychologists to be present during a speak to case that involves eyewitness proof, as they ar more aware of its spots. We store randomness in schemas and when we gain peeled hold outledge it is modify in sight to sum these schemas. Leading psychologists such as Elizabeth Loftus, Neil bartlett pear and Yullie & Cutshall drive home carried egress investigate in order to demonstrate how our entrepot shag be altered by mental factors such as trail psyches, reconstructive reposition and gun focus.This question paper contains a vast number of experiments and studies through with(predicate) in order to illustrate the unreli baron of our store and whether courts should rely on eyewitness testimony as a prime source. Age and sexual activity excessively serve as factors that process eyewitness testimony. Through research and analysis, it is concluded in this paper that eyewitness testimony should non be given superiority over other developed evidence presented, as our storehouse is the least reliable source.It is worthwhile to bundle out neverthe slight investigation round the case if eyewitness testimony is the only evidence available, as fake testimonies could lead to an innocent respective(prenominal) being supercharged guilty. Word Coun t 260 CONTENTS Abstract .. rascal 2 admission .. P get on with 4 Discussion. P succession 7 Misleading Questions Page 7 Anxiety and Stress.. Page 9 Weapon taper Page 11reconstructive keeping. Page 11 surefooted affidavit. Page 14 Age. Page 15 sexual practice. Page 16 Conclusion Page 17 References . Page 19 INTRODUCTION The reli qualification of eyewitness testimony has often been questioned in cases of offensive and violence besides yet the judicial system seems to ignore its flaws. legion(predicate) psychologists apply carried out experiments and studies regarding this issue.eyewitness testimony has a large psychological background that judges, lawyers and the control board seem to ignore. Our qualification to imagine certain situations and forces whitethorn be winded accord to the fourth dimension and dimension that the event occurred or the time and devote that the eyewitness testimony is given. Cognitive psychologists have carried out profound research ast ir(predicate) this phenomenon and have found that eyewitness testimony can be related to benevolent schemas, reconstructive memory and our ability to recall. The knowledge we have gained from the world is stored in our brain as an nonionised package of training called a schema.The schema theory states that the knowledge we have already gained through our life has a major influence on what we remember. According to Cohen (1986) as cited in Gross (64), the serviceman sound judgment uses historic experiences in order to deform over with new experiences. Our behavior is guided by the set of schemas that we have in our brain. The new experiences that we face are non just replicated into our memory scarce instead are reconstructed in order to scene our schemas. The reconstruction of memory is an active process and happens end-to-end our life (Gross, 64). Therefore, how we savvy an event is strongly influenced by our past experiences. pitying memory is seen as an unreliable source when we apply the seeing of reconstructive and interpretative nature of memory to eyewitness testimony. The probability of quite a little being wrongly accused increases as the importance of eyewitness testimony in the cases of accidents and offences increases, and thitherfore the guilty do not come to justice (Gross, 64). M whatever experiments conclude that law professionals and judges rely and place their decisions on eyewitness testimony, however, researchers investigated on situations whereby the innocent had been accused.As cited in Millers term (2006), Gary Wells (1998) researched on forty such cases and with the jock of DNA scrutiny it was found that all forty convicted suspects were actually innocent. The witnesses wrongfully accused the suspects in thirty-six of these cases. The human brain has a limited capacity to deal with the incoming knowledge and yet every moment we relegate a large variety of stimuli like sights, sounds and smells. However, as ment ioned above if we bechance stimuli which conflict with our schemas, we reconstruct our memory in order to fit our chemas. The human brain accordingly focuses on some aspects of the situation while ignoring the others in order to cope with the sensory barrage. This process of choosing stimuli is called selective attention. Eyewitnesses tend to intoxicate information that relates to their interests and whitethorn ignore other vital aspects of the event (Glassman, 5). It is difficult for witnesses to reconsider their initial chthonianstanding once they have stated facts in a specific expression or have already indentified an somebody as the performer, due to the reconstruction of their memory (e. . once an eyewitness recognizes an individual in a line-up it is likely for them to recognize the same individual in subsequent line-ups even though that individual may not be the performer). boards place smashing reliance on eyewitness testimony and ignore the dangers of false memorie s (Engel breathedt, n. d). In view of these findings, this work leave investigate the extent to which eyewitness testimony is reliable in todays judicial system focusing on major factors that influence our memory and ability to remember.Cognitive psychology foregathers a major biting in this investigation as it involves the idea of memory and schemas. DISCUSSION An grievance given by volume of an event they have witnessed (Eyewitness testimony psychological science) is usually referred to as an eyewitness testimony. oneness may be asked to reject the event they witnessed and describe what happened. Jurys tend to find eyewitness testimony to be a reliable source of information and pay close attention to it, but the witness may have had a hard time remembering the event and the testimony could be in blame slight.Research through by a number of psychologists regarding eyewitness testimony found that it could be change by many psychological factors such as leading questions, anxiety and punctuate, weapons and reconstructive memory (Eyewitness Testimony Psychology). Factors such as age and sexual practice could alike tint the way in which individuals remember events. deviate of psychological factors on eyewitness testimony Misleading questions American psychologist, Elizabeth Loftus, delineate the application of Cognitive psychology to the real world.Her experiments demonstrated how shoddy information could cause eyewitnesses to reconstruct their memories (Gross, 64). A leading question is a question that contains information previously unknown to the witness. In one of her studies with Palmer (Loftus and Palmer, 1974) as cited in the article Memory (Psychology), the participants watched a videotape that showed an automobile accident consisting of twain cars. After watching the videotape the participants were presented with a questionnaire whereby the question was altered for groups of participants.One question asked, About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other? For other participants the verb hit was replaced by smashed, collided, bumped, or contacted. Even though all participants viewed the same videotape, their speed estimates take issueed considerably depending on how the question was asked. When the verb contacted was used, the total speed estimate was 32 miles per hour, when the verb was hit it was 34 mph, 38mph when it was bumped, 39 mph when it was collided, and 41 mph when it was smash.Loftus carried out a follow up theme a week later whereby she asked the participants whether there was any broken rubbish in the videotape. Participants that were presented with the verb smashed were twice as likely to remember any broken glass than the participants that were presented with the verb hit. The information that came in a good deal later later the accredited event had occurred incorporated with that event, hence causing the original even to be remembered in a contrary way. The introduction of fal se signs misrepresented the participants memories (Memory (Psychology)).The power of misleading questions is demonstrated in the above paper by Loftus & Palmer. An answer is determined by how the question is asked. The tendency to colourise ones memory of an event when later exposed to misleading information about it is known as the misinformation nucleus. The witnesss memory could be repaired by questions asked by the police, friends or attorneys. Reconstruction of memory could similarly take place if information about the case or crime comes in weeks or months later. This may change what the witness has to study on the witness stand (Memory (Psychology)).The questions and information presented in the court direction may cause the witness to remember the incident differently and the eyewitness testimony becomes inaccurate. Leading questions lead to the reconstruction of memory in order for the new information to fit into our already existing schemas. Leading questions therefo re have the tendency to assimilate eyewitness testimony unreliable in todays judicial system. It is important for lawyers to know about the consequences of these questions and therefore construct their questions well. Anxiety and underscoreAlong with leading questions it is said that anxiety and stress is a psychological factor that affects eyewitness testimony. Some researchers have questioned whether attentional focus is a reason that causes poor recall of a vehement incident. Clifford and Scott (1978) as cited in the article Eyewitness Testimony Psychology, found that when individuals witness a rather violent incident they seem to remember little than individuals who witness a non-violent incident. They carried out a study whereby they presented a ingest with violent attacks to a group of participants.The control group who saying a less violent version of the film remembered more of the forty items about the event than the participants. The control group was not exposed to very nerve-racking destines as compared to the participants. Although this may have not been a real-life situation, the memory of the participants was affected by anxiety. An increase in anxiety and autonomic arousal is caused by violent incidents that in turn have a disadvantageous effect on memory. On the other hand, a study carried out by Yullie and Cutshall (1986) (as cited in the article Eyewitness Testimony Psychology) contradicts Clifford and Scotts findings.The research garner by Yullie and Cutshall was that of a real-life situation hence making their entropy more accurate. The researchers showed that individuals had accurate memories when they witnessed a stressful event up close. The event was of a shooting just outside a gun shop in Canada. The scene witnessed was of a woeful who robbed the gun shop off guns and notes but eventually was shot six times and died on the spot. dead on target after this shooting had taken place, the police asked to interview bakers doz en individuals who were there at the time of the event and had witnessed it.Five months later these same thirteen individuals were interviewed again. It was found that the recall was still as accurate as it was louvre months after witnessing the event. The two misleading questions that were presented by the police did not affect their memories or alter their testimony. However, one limitation to this study was that the witnesses interviewed were at different distances from the scene and the ones that were the closest went through a greater direct of stress and this in turn may have assisted with their ability to remember the event vividly (Eyewitness Testimony Psychology).Through both the studies carried out about anxiety and memory recall we can say that experiments carried out under laboratory conditions may not give the same results as when it is a real-life situation. Memory recall of a real-life situation is accurate even after a few months and the loaded questions do have as much of an effect as they do in laboratory experiments (e. g Loftus & Palmer, 1974) (Eyewitness Testimony Psychology). The above information gives a re-assurance that eyewitness testimony is not completely unreliable depending on the situation and the witnesss role in the event.There may be some situations where memory distortions take place and other situations where they do not. Whether memory distortion or reconstruction takes place or not depends on the witnesss state of mind at the time of the event. The emotional state of the individual may demoralize their reason, judgment and perception therefore it is necessary to be neutral and open when witnessing a crime scene. Weapon Focus The study by Yullie and Cutshall (1986) excessively relates to weapon focus as a psychological factor that affects eyewitness testimony. When weapons are involved the witness is less likely to remember enlarge about the riminal but is more likely to remember the details of the weapon (Eyewitness Testimony Psychology). An experiment conducted by Johnson and Scott (1976) as cited in Loftus et al (56) illustrated this phenomenon. In the no weapon condition participants overheard a mild conversation in the next room about an equipment failure, witnessed a confederate enter the room with a grease pen, watched him mouth a single line and leave. In the weapon condition the participants overheard a violent conversation along with crashing objects, saw a confederate enter the room with a bloodied letter opener, watched him utter a single line and then leave.Participants in both condition witnessed the target individual for four seconds. It was found that 33% of the participants in the cover letter opener condition identified the culprit correctly and 49% of the participants in the greasy pen condition identified the culprit correctly. A reduced ability to remember the confederate was associated with the presence of a weapon. Jurys should take into account whether or not weapons we re involved in the crime. This is because the eyewitness provideing be less likely to recognize the criminal and an innocent individual may be held guilty.Our attention is usually drawn to the weapon and we ignore what else may be happening in our surroundings. Reconstructive Memory The reliability of eyewitness testimony can yet be argued through reconstructive memory. As mentioned earlier reconstructive memory is other one of the many psychological factors that has an effect on eyewitness testimony. Psychologist Neil bartlett pear played a key role in associating reconstructive memory to eyewitness testimony as he stated that recall is field of operations to personal interpretation dependent on our learnt or cultural norms and value.We have already established the fact that the human memory alters according to the way in which we store information in our brain, it is not stored exactly as it seems to be different people interpret a situation differently and therefore store it in a way that makes mother wit to them. The brain stores information in schemas, but these schemas are able to distort unconsciously unacceptable and unfamiliar knowledge in order to fit in with the already stored information or schemas that we have which n turn results in unreliable eyewitness testimony (Eyewitness Testimony Psychology). Bartletts research about reconstructive memory found that memory is an active process and subject to individual interpretation or construction (Eyewitness Testimony Psychology). War of the Ghosts, (Bartlett (1932) as cited in Eyewitness Testimony Psychology) was his most renowned study whereby he tried to show that we attempt to link what we remember with our existing schemas. In other words, our memory is not just an accurate footage of what has happened but it is what we make of it.Bartlett mentioned that we usually involuntarily modify our memories so they make more sense to us. In the study Bartletts participants heard a story and had to re- speciate the story to another person. The story was a North American folktale called The War of the Ghosts. When the participants were asked to recount the details of the story, each individual seemed to tell it in their own individual way. As the participants re-told the story, it became shorter, befuddle ideas were rationalized or omitted altogether and details changed to become more conventional or familiar.The information about the ghosts was omitted as it was difficult to explain and participants recurrently recalled the idea of not going because he hadnt told his parents where he was going, as that circumstance was more familiar to them. Through the above study Bartlett was able to conclude that our memory is distorted by the existing knowledge and schemas we have in the human brain. Therefore, it seems that each individual reconstructs their memory to accommodate to their individual values and attitudes towards the world. This is a clear indication that our memories are an ything but reliable.How we view and remember things depends on our ethics, culture, belief and past experiences. Also through reconstructive memory we make hasty generalizations basing information on what we think may have happened due to the information we already have stored. We hurl and assemble the incident according to our stereotypes and expectations. This can further be enlarge through a study by Allport and Postman (1947) as cited in Jarvis & Russell (131), whereby they presented participants with a picture of a scruffy white man forbidding a smart black man with a razor.Later when the participants were told to recall the picture they recalled that a scruffy black man was threatening a smart white man with a razor. This fitted in with the American stereotypes of that time the participants reconstructed their memory according to their expectations. We can say that reconstructive memory is yet another reason that makes eyewitness testimony unreliable however, some psycholog ists do believe that schema theory exaggerates the in truth of memory. It cannot predict what and how people remember, as we do not know which schemas are being used.The study by Allport and Postman in any case ties down into another way our cognitive system introduces error, which is by the means of inference. Inference emphasizes on how humans tend to make assumptions past the literal meaning. Many memory distortions are a part of this inference whereby what the eyewitness says to have witnessed is not what was perceived but a mere extension of it, hence, leading to an inaccurate recall of the event or incident (Glassman, 440) Flaws of the eyewitness as an individual surefooted Testimony Confident testimony is yet another flaw that tends to put innocent people in jail.When the witnesses say with despotic confidence that this is the guy that did it I will never forget that face, it is difficult to argue with their beliefs. Confidence is a strong characteristic and although peopl e may make mistakes with their testimony the way in which they give their testimony has a strong outcome on the jury. It becomes difficult to question their evidence and discredit their feelings after knowing that the witness went through a horrible crime especially when they give their testimony with absolute assurance.Jurors will usually believe them. A major flaw that Elizabeth Loftus points out is that judges do not usually use the help of experts in order to bear out to the jury about the flaws of eyewitness testimony. It would be helpful to have a few cognitive psychologists as part of the jury in order to point out the factors that affect eyewitness testimony however some judges will reserve this while others will not. Jurys that are unaware of the flaws of eyewitness testimony will have a larger percentile of wrongful verdicts compared to jurys that are educated about he flaws. Elizabeth Loftus went on to explain that jurys that are unaware of memory distortions will tend t o decide their verdict from their gut feeling. Jurys that are ignorant about these flaws rely greatly on the witness and have a propensity to discount the balance that needs to be present between the eyewitness testimony and the physical scientific evidence. Loftus also pointed out that when a witness repeatedly sees the accused they become encrypted in the victims memory, even if they are innocent.The victim may continually see the suspect in photos and line-ups during the duration of the investigation period and court case. This may make it possible that the witness will then not be able to recognize the true criminal anymore, especially if the crime was witnessed for a short time and the victim was not able to perceive every stimulus in the surrounding. Therefore, when the witness will testify with absolute confidence that the suspect is the actual criminal, it will be difficult for the jury to argue (Miller, 2006). AgePsychological factors definitely play a coarse role in eyewi tness testimony but the characteristics of the witness also matter. Jurys should also take into account the age and gender of the witness. Certain research has been done in order to identify the accuracy of a childs eyewitness testimony it is much less accurate than the adults testimony. This is because children are not able to give concrete answers to the questions that regard much explanation. Children have less cognitive competence i. e. their information affect skills for problem solving, language and attention are undeveloped.Psychologists from University of Southampton conducted research to analyze a childs ability to answer repeated questions during a testimony. When a child gives a testimony they are afraid to be faulty therefore repeated questions are not beneficial when it comes to child eye-witnessing as the questions confuse them and make them think that their original story was not true. The depression information provided by the child is always the best. The younge r the child is, the less accurate the testimony will be. Children usually give incorrect information due to their need to be socially approved.Karpel et al (2001) as cited in apprehension Aid carried out research associated with age and eyewitness testimony. His contract was to see how reliable eyewitness testimony is in previous(a) people. junior adults (17 25) and older adults (65 85) were shown a video of a theft. They were then asked to recollect what they had seen in the video. The results of both age groups were compared and it was seen that the information provided by the young adults was more accurate and their testimony was less likely to change when asked leading questions..In order to ensure that information provided by elderly people is accurate it is wise not to expose them to misleading questions as their memories are easily distorted. Also, older adults misremember context and therefore must be questioned carefully. As seen, age is another factor that affects e yewitness testimony and its reliability. It is important to know the age of the witness before moving on with the case as psychologists may have a slight idea about how reliable the provided information might be (Science Aid).Gender There has been no concrete evidence as yet that males and females have a significant difference when identifying a criminal. Research by Shapiro & Penrod (1986) as cited in Wells & Olson (280) found that females are more likely to make accurate identifications but are also more likely to make false identifications, as they are more likely to try and attempt to identify. Due to this males and females capitulate an equal ability to identify criminals and give an eyewitness testimony.However since the male and female brains differ slightly, both genders will pay closer attention to different features of the incident, but the overall ability in eyewitness identification is impossible to tell apart. CONCLUSION Through research we have found that eyewitness te stimony can be quite fallible and that there are a number of factors that seem to interfere with our memories. It is important for jurys to be aware of these factors before placing a verdict and should not place great reliance on factors such as confidence and vivid descriptions of details. If possible, it is prudent o find other evidence rather than eyewitness testimony. A major limitation of the research investigated is that majority of the studies done in congress to eyewitness testimony are laboratory studies. This inhibits us to generalize the data collected to the real world. An implication for future research would be to carry out more interviews with individuals who have witnessed acts of crime and violence rather than basing conclusions on laboratory studies. Also, it could be helpful to carry out research regarding a number of factors that affect eyewitness testimony (e. g. study that compares the ability to remember events when the variables are age, gender, weapons and misleading questions). The limitation presented does not change the fact that human memory is a very personal and comparative aspect and therefore cannot be a foundation for any important decisions. It is important to know that memory changes with time and every consequent attempt to recall the event will be just another skewed interpretation of the event. Eyewitnesses can refute or support the general facts about the case but the details and their testimony should not be put superior to the actual evidence presented in court.Studies have also proven that innocent people have been accused due to eyewitness testimony, this elaborates on the unreliability of it. Our ability to recall an event is affected by the information provided after the event, the level of stress and anxiety we are at during the time of the event also affects it, the presence of weapons also distorts our memory, reconstructive memory is yet another psychological factor that makes eyewitness testimony unreliable, our expectations, age and gender also play a role when giving a testimony.All these factors should be taken into consideration when the evidence provided is eyewitness testimony. The reliability of eyewitness testimony in todays judicial system is very low and should be analyzed in depth before reaching conclusions. REFERENCES Engelhardt, L. (n. d. ). The problem with Eyewitness Testimony. Agora. Retrieved Jan. 02, 2010 from http//agora. stanford. edu/sjls/Issue%20One/fisher&tversky. html. Eyewitness Testimony Psychology research. (2007). Psychology Degree and A-level online resources. Retrieved Feb. 2, 2010 from http//www. simplypsychology. pwp . blueyonder. co. uk/eyewitness-testimony. html Glassman, William E. (2000). Approaches to Psychology. Buckingham, England Open UP. Gross, Richard D. (1999). advert Studies in Psychology. London Hodder & Stoughton. Jarvis, M. , & Russell, J. (2002). Key Ideas in Psychology. Cheltenham Nelson Thornes. Loftus, E. F. , Loftus, G. R. , & Messo , J. (1987). Some facts about weapon focus. Law and Human Behaviour. Memory (psychology) MSN Encarta. (n. d. ). Retrieved Sept. 14, 2009 from http//encarta. msn. om/encyclopedia_761578303_5/Memory_(psychology). html Miller, Z. (2006, October 14). The Accuracy of Eye Witness Testimony and Its Flaws. Retrieved December 23, 2009, from http//ezinearticles. com/? The-Accuracy-of-Eye-Witness-Testimony-and-Its-Flaws&id=328261 Science aid Eyewitness Testimony. (n. d. ) Science Aid High School, A take aim and GCSE Science. Retrieved 13 Dec. 2009 from http//scienceaid. co. uk/psychology/cognition/eyewitness. html Wells, Gary L. , & Olson, Elizabeth A. (2003). Eyewitness Testimony. Ames, Iowa Iowa State University.